MMW IMAGING TECHNOLOGY
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Being able to create spatial images of our surroundings is important for understanding the environment, whether through our eyes or with technology. Visible imaging systems are common and improving, while infrared imaging systems have become smaller and more versatile. However, both types of imaging have limitations when it comes to imaging objects in challenging conditions. Millimeter Waves offer a unique advantage for seeing through obstacles like dust, fog, and various materials.
PSI’s mmW imaging technology is based on an optical up-conversion technology that converts an incoming RF or mmW signal up to the optical domain where it is spatially processed using a conventional optical system, which happens at the speed of light! Key to this approach is the ability to up-convert all RF signals using an analog process that preserves spatial coherence across the entire antenna array. In the system shown in Figure 1, each element in the antenna array is connected to one of PSI’s optical phase modulators that serves to up-convert all received RF wavefronts, in this case A and B. Each up-converted signal propagates through an optical fiber and is routed to a common bundle that is fed to an optical processor, which forms an image of the RF scene in the optical domain. This unique technology is the first ever demonstrated imaging phased array RF system that has no inherent limit on beam bandwidth product. Moreover, once imaged each up-converted signal is spatially mapped to a different/unique point, which when used with a CCD camera produces a real-time image or, in the case of a photo-detectors each original RF signal can be fully recovered and immediately down-converted to an intermediate frequency (IF) for direct input into a digital processing system.
Applications for PSI’s up-conversion technology include high bandwidth communications such as 5G and B5G, Radar, Satellite Communications (SATCOM), as well as imaging in security, defense, and industrial settings. A recent demonstration of some of our technologies are described below.

Figure 1. RF to Optical Up-Conversion with Spatial Phase Preservation, and unlimited Beam-Bandwidth Processing.

Passive Millimeter Wave Imaging
PSI has successfully demonstrated several passive mmW imaging systems in field- and flight-tests. They have been shown the ability to detect concealed objects with very high accuracy. The current system offers a noise equivalent temperature (NETD) of 0.5K at a frame rate of 30Hz. Figure 2 below shows the successful demonstration of identifying two people located behind a 0.5” plywood wall.

Figure 2. A 396-channel distributed aperture Millimeter Wave imaging system and imaging of people through a wall.

The above system uses passive RF signals (generated from blackbody radiation) to see-through many different material types, environmental conditions and obscurants. It can also be used to image active signals and down-convert them to baseband or IF for use in mobile communication and/or wireless networks.
The ability to spatially image RF signals inherently maps them into separate locations on either a CCD or separate photo-detector for full signal recovery, which has far reaching implications well beyond seeing through physical or environmental obscurants. The spatial separation of signals before detection provides instant angle of arrival (AoA) and their orthogonality enables spatially varying multi-function operation of multiple, simultaneous, and multi-band beams. As a result, PSI’s technology can be used in RF communications where imaging, or spatial isolation, mitigates co-channel interference, signal intermixing and intermodulation, and renders the RF receiver immune to interference. An example of such application is described below.
MULTI-USER WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
PSI has developed its up-conversion technology for mobile communications, where complex RF signals can be “seen” with unique spatial and spectral processing over an ultra-wide band (UWB) frequency. The imaging-based optical up-conversion process can be used in both transmit (Tx) and receive (Rx) phased arrays and is particularly well suited for massive-MIMO (Multiple-input, Multiple-output) owing to its ability to provide precise spatial and spectral control over many independent, yet simultaneous signals. The Rx array is implemented as an imaging receiver, which provides analog beam forming with the up-conversion technique. On the Tx side, an ultrawideband tunable optical paired sources (TOPS) provides optical beams that are coherently distributed through an optical feed network to each antenna element, which contains one of PSI’s high-speed and high-power photo-detectors. The ultra-wideband operation in the EO up-conversion and OE down-conversion modules offers a common optical processing engine in both Tx and Rx arrays such that they can be used with different (interchangeable) RF front-ends, or RF personalities. Furthermore, swappable modular-based RF front-ends offer a reconfigurable capability for both Tx and Rx arrays, thereby enabling a diverse array of applications.
To this end, PSI has developed analog photonic link products that support continuous and seamless transportation of 5G signals up to 40GHz and beyond. Based on cutting edge low-v modulator and high-linearity photo receiver technologies, the PSI analog photonic link features unparalleled low noise figure (NF) and high spurious free dynamic range (SFDR) that are keys to the high-fidelity signal transportation. In the demonstration below, we show a PSI analog photonic link that connects a high-speed signal generator to an ESA through 1-mile-long fibers without any RF amplification. Two 5G signals, a 128 QAM signal at 28GHz and a 256 QAM signal at 38GHz, are transported. In the video, we switch the signal generator and the displays (ESA and VSA) to show that both 5G signals are supported without the need of link reconfiguration. As a comparison, the 1-mile fiber link is approximately equivalent to a 10-feet long 2.4mm coaxial cable in transported signal quality and the latency of this link is limited by the speed of light.